This post wraps up the File Management portion of our CLI:Basics series.
We’re moving a little deeper now — into permissions, ownership, and file previews — so you can start managing your Linux system with full confidence.

Let’s dive right in:

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🔐 Understanding File Permissions (chmod)

• View file permissions: ls -l
• Permission structure explained:
  • First character: type (- = file, d = directory)
  • Next nine characters: three groups of read/write/execute for user, group, others
• Numeric chmod example (easier once you know the math): chmod 664 file.txt
• Symbolic chmod example (even easier to remember!): chmod u+rwx,g+r,o-rwx file.txt

Tip:
Using symbolic (u, g, o, +, -) is often more intuitive than memorizing number codes.

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👑 Changing Ownership with chown

• Change file owner and group: sudo chown newuser:newgroup file.txt
• Change only the owner: sudo chown newuser file.txt

Important:
Changing ownership often requires sudo because you’re affecting other users’ access rights.

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📄 Previewing Files with head and tail

• View the first 10 lines of a file: head file.txt
• View the last 10 lines of a file: tail file.txt
• Customize number of lines shown: head -n 5 file.txt tail -n 5 file.txt

Use cases:
Quickly preview configuration files, logs, or large text files without opening the whole thing.

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Final Thoughts

You made it through the full CLI:Basics File Management track!
Now you have the skills to not only manipulate files and directories, but control who can access them and how.

Linux gives you freedom — real control starts with understanding permissions and ownership.

Ready for more?
Stay tuned for CLI:Advanced, where we go even deeper into system-level management, scripting, and pro-level command line workflows!

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